Aristotle’s Moral Philosophy | Hume’s Moral Philosophy | Mill’s Moral Philosophy | Kant’s Moral Philosophy | Nietzsche’s Moral Philosophy | Rawls’ Moral Philosophy | Sandel’s Moral Philosophy | |
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Basis | Virtue ethics | Sentimentalism | Utilitarianism | Categorical imperative based on reason | Rejection of traditional morality | Social contract theory based on justice | Communitarianism |
Self-interest | Emphasis on individual | Emphasis on self-interest and passions | Emphasis on happiness and individual liberty | Duty to follow moral rules and principles | Emphasizes individual will to power | Emphasis on individual rights and freedoms | Emphasis on civic virtues and common good |
Ethics | Emphasis on character | Emphasis on human nature and emotions | Emphasis on the greatest good for the greatest | Emphasis on moral duty and obligation | Emphasis on self-realization and self-creation | Emphasis on justice and fairness | Emphasis on the role of moral reasoning in society |
Virtue | Emphasis on practical wisdom | Emphasis on character and virtues | Emphasis on individuality and excellence | Emphasis on rationality and moral integrity | Emphasis on strength, courage, and creativity | Emphasis on cooperation and reciprocity | Emphasis on civic virtue and community norms |
Freedom | Emphasis on self-mastery | Emphasis on liberty and free will | Emphasis on individual liberty and autonomy | Emphasis on moral autonomy and rationality | Emphasis on individual freedom and autonomy | Emphasis on equal political and social rights | Emphasis on the role of institutions in shaping freedom |
Society | Emphasis on community | Emphasis on social customs and conventions | Emphasis on social justice and equality | Emphasis on respect for others and society | Rejection of societal norms and values | Emphasis on the basic structure of society | Emphasis on the role of institutions in shaping society |
Purpose | Emphasis on eudaimonia | Emphasis on human flourishing and happiness | Emphasis on promoting the greater good | Emphasis on universal moral principles | Emphasis on personal fulfillment and expression | Emphasis on the well-being of the least advantaged | Emphasis on civic engagement and participation |
God | Belief in a divine being | Skepticism towards religious belief and morality | Non-religious and non-metaphysical foundation | Belief in God as the source of moral principles | Rejection of traditional religious beliefs | No explicit focus on religious beliefs | No explicit focus on religious beliefs |
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